Nnamdi Azikiwe

Early Life and Background

Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe was born on November 16, 1904, in Zungeru, a small town in present-day Niger State, Northern Nigeria. His parents were Chukwuemeka Azikiwe and Salome Azikiwe, both of Igbo descent from Onitsha in present-day Anambra State. His father worked as a clerk in the British colonial administration, a position that required the family to relocate frequently across Nigeria. This early exposure to different ethnic groups and cultures within Nigeria significantly influenced Azikiwe's later pan-Nigerian nationalist outlook. Growing up, he witnessed firsthand the complexities of colonial rule and the nascent stirrings of anti-colonial sentiment. His given name, Nnamdi, meaning 'My father lives' or 'My father is alive' in Igbo, reflected a deep connection to his heritage, while Benjamin was his Christian baptismal name. His early education began in various missionary schools, including the Hope Waddell Training Institute in Calabar and the Methodist Boys' High School in Lagos, where he excelled academically and demonstrated a keen intellect and a strong command of the English language.

Education

Azikiwe's pursuit of higher education was marked by ambition and resilience. After completing his secondary education in Nigeria, he embarked on a transformative journey to the United States in 1925, driven by a desire to acquire knowledge and skills that he believed were essential for Africa's liberation. He initially attended Storer College in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, before transferring to Howard University in Washington, D.C. He later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Political Science from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1930. Not content with a single degree, he continued his studies, earning a Master of Arts degree in Political Science from Lincoln University in 1932. He further pursued graduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania, where he obtained a Master of Science degree in Anthropology in 1933. During his time in America, Azikiwe was profoundly influenced by the ideas of Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. Du Bois, and other prominent African American intellectuals and civil rights activists, which solidified his commitment to racial equality and African self-determination. He also worked various odd jobs to support himself, demonstrating his dedication and perseverance.

Career

Upon his return to Africa in 1934, Azikiwe settled in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), where he began his career as a journalist. He became the editor of the 'African Morning Post' in Accra, using the newspaper as a platform to articulate nationalist views and criticize colonial policies. His articles were often provocative, leading to a sedition conviction in 1936, though this was later overturned on appeal. In 1937, he returned to Nigeria and founded the 'West African Pilot,' a highly influential newspaper that became a powerful voice for Nigerian nationalism. He established a chain of newspapers across the country, effectively disseminating anti-colonial messages and mobilizing public opinion. Azikiwe's foray into active politics began in 1944 when he co-founded the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) with Herbert Macaulay. Following Macaulay's death in 1946, Azikiwe became the party's undisputed leader. He was elected to the Nigerian Legislative Council in 1948 and later served as a member of the Western House of Assembly. In 1954, he became the Premier of the Eastern Region, a position he held until 1959. As Nigeria moved closer to independence, Azikiwe played a crucial role in constitutional negotiations with the British. In 1960, he became the President of the Nigerian Senate and later that year, upon Nigeria's independence, he was appointed Governor-General. When Nigeria became a republic in 1963, Azikiwe was inaugurated as its first President, a largely ceremonial role, serving until the military coup of January 15, 1966, which ended the First Republic.

Major Achievements

Nnamdi Azikiwe's achievements are numerous and far-reaching. He is widely regarded as one of the founding fathers of Nigerian nationalism and a leading figure in the pan-African movement. His tireless advocacy for independence through journalism and political activism significantly contributed to Nigeria's attainment of self-rule in 1960. As a journalist, he pioneered indigenous newspaper ownership and used his publications to educate, empower, and mobilize Nigerians against colonial oppression. As a political leader, he successfully united diverse ethnic groups under the umbrella of the NCNC, forging a powerful nationalist front. His leadership as Premier of the Eastern Region saw significant developments in education, infrastructure, and economic growth. As Governor-General and later the first President of Nigeria, he symbolized the aspirations of a newly independent African nation on the global stage. Even after being overthrown, he continued to be a respected elder statesman, later returning to politics in the Second Republic as the presidential candidate for the Nigerian People's Party (NPP) in 1979 and 1983, advocating for national unity and stability.

Controversies and Challenges

Azikiwe's illustrious career was not without its share of controversies and challenges. During his time as a journalist, his outspoken criticism of colonial rule led to legal battles, including the sedition charge in the Gold Coast. In the early 1950s, he faced accusations of financial impropriety related to the African Continental Bank (ACB), which he had founded. Although a tribunal of inquiry found no evidence of direct corruption, it criticized his actions in placing public funds in a bank in which he had a personal interest, leading to a brief period of political vulnerability. His political alliance with the Northern People's Congress (NPC) during the First Republic, which saw him become President, was also a source of contention among some southern politicians who felt he had compromised on certain principles. Perhaps the most significant challenge came with the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970), during which Azikiwe initially supported the secessionist state of Biafra, serving as an adviser to its leader, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu. However, he later switched his allegiance back to the federal government, advocating for a united Nigeria. This shift drew criticism from some Biafran loyalists but was seen by others as a pragmatic move towards national reconciliation.

Personal Life

Nnamdi Azikiwe was married to Flora Ogedengbe Azikiwe, whom he wed in 1930 while studying in the United States. Flora was a steadfast partner throughout his political career, often accompanying him on tours and public engagements. Together, they had at least seven children: Chukwuma, Emeka, Obiajulu, Nwachukwu, Agozi, Uwakwe, and Jayz. Azikiwe was known for his intellectual curiosity, his love of learning, and his commitment to physical fitness, often engaging in boxing and other sports during his youth. He was also a prolific writer, authoring several books and countless articles on topics ranging from politics and history to culture and philosophy. His command of multiple Nigerian languages, including Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa, further underscored his pan-Nigerian identity and helped him connect with people across the diverse nation. He remained an influential figure and a respected elder statesman until his death.

Legacy

Nnamdi Azikiwe passed away on May 11, 1996, at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, at the age of 91. His death marked the end of an era for Nigeria and Africa. He left behind an indelible legacy as a fearless nationalist, a pioneering journalist, and a visionary leader. He is remembered as 'Zik of Africa,' a moniker that reflects his pan-African ideals and his influence beyond Nigeria's borders. His contributions to Nigeria's independence, his advocacy for education, and his commitment to a united, strong, and prosperous Nigeria continue to inspire. Numerous institutions, monuments, and streets across Nigeria and beyond bear his name, including the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja and the Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Awka. His life story remains a testament to the power of education, perseverance, and unwavering dedication to the cause of freedom and national development.